RIA Federal Tax Handbook

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Research Institute of America

The 2025 Federal Tax Handbook will be available in December 2024. Pre-order your Handbook today.

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Table of contents

Federal Tax Handbook
- Chapter 1 Tax Rates and Tables
  - ¶ 1100 Tax Rates and Tables.
- Chapter 2 Income—Taxable and Exempt
  - ¶ 1200 Gross Income.
  - ¶ 1208 Compensation Income.
  - ¶ 1227 Fringe Benefits.
  - ¶ 1269 Time for Reporting Compensation.
  - ¶ 1276 Social Security, Unemployment and Certain Disability Payments.
  - ¶ 1283 Dividends.
  - ¶ 1299 Interest Income.
  - ¶ 1335 Rents and Royalties.
  - ¶ 1343 Life Insurance Proceeds.
  - ¶ 1350 Taxation of Annuity Payments.
  - ¶ 1367 Accident and Health Insurance Benefits.
  - ¶ 1372 Damages.
  - ¶ 1377 Income Realized on Discharge or Cancellation of Debt (COD).
- Chapter 3 Deductions—Expenses of a Business
  - ¶ 1500 Tax Treatment of Start-Up Expenditures.
  - ¶ 1505 Ordinary and Necessary Business Expenses.
  - ¶ 1514 Compensation Deduction.
  - ¶ 1540 Deductible Travel Expenses.
  - ¶ 1549 Transportation Expenses.
  - ¶ 1555 Entertainment Expenses.
  - ¶ 1558 Expense Reimbursements.
  - ¶ 1564 Substantiating T&E and “Listed Property” Expenses.
  - ¶ 1574 Business Gifts and Employee Awards.
  - ¶ 1577 Rent Expense.
  - ¶ 1587 Insurance Premiums.
  - ¶ 1591 Bribes, Kickbacks, Fines and Penalties.
  - ¶ 1595 Qualified Business Income (Code Sec. 199A “Pass-Through”) Deduction.
  - ¶ 1602 Miscellaneous Business Expenses.
  - ¶ 1616 Business Expenses of Employees and Self-Employeds.
  - ¶ 1619 Residence Used in Part for Business—Home Office Deduction.
  - ¶ 1627 Moving Expense Deduction for Active Duty Armed Forces Members.
  - ¶ 1629 Deduction vs Capitalization of Tangible Property Costs.
  - ¶ 1637 Capitalization Rules for Intangible Assets.
  - ¶ 1640 Uniform Capitalization (UNICAP) Rules
- Chapter 4 Interest Expense—Taxes—Losses—Bad Debts
  - ¶ 1700 Deduction for Interest.
  - ¶ 1726 Investment Interest Deduction Limitation—Form 4952.
  - ¶ 1729 Qualified Residence Interest.
  - ¶ 1734 Allocation Rules for Interest and Debt.
  - ¶ 1737 When Interest May Be Deducted.
  - ¶ 1746 Deduction for Taxes.
  - ¶ 1765 Deduction for Losses.
  - ¶ 1782 Casualty, Disaster, and Theft Losses–Form 4684.
  - ¶ 1790 At-Risk Limitations.
  - ¶ 1797 “Passive Activity” Losses and Credits.
  - ¶ 1815 Net Operating Losses (NOLs).
  - ¶ 1823 Deduction for Bad Debts.
- Chapter 5 Depreciation, Amortization, Property Expensing and Depletion
  - ¶ 1900 The Depreciation Allowance.
  - ¶ 1907 The Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS).
  - ¶ 1940 Sec. 179 Expense Election—Form 4562.
  - ¶ 1945 “Luxury” Automobiles and “Listed Property.”
  - ¶ 1957 Depreciation Deduction Under the “Useful-Life” Rules.
  - ¶ 1960 Special Expensing and Amortization Provisions.
  - ¶ 1966 Amortization of Intangibles under Code Sec. 197.
  - ¶ 1969 Depletion Deduction.
- Chapter 6 Charitable Contributions—Medical Expenses—Alimony—Other Nonbusiness Deductions
  - ¶ 2100 Charitable Contribution Deduction—Form 1040, Schedule A.
  - ¶ 2134 Specialized Rules for Claiming Charitable Contributions.
  - ¶ 2140 Medical Expenses.
  - ¶ 2152 Tax Treatment of Alimony or Separate Maintenance Payments.
  - ¶ 2162 “Nonbusiness” Expenses.
  - ¶ 2165 Bond Premium Amortization.
- Chapter 7 Education—Tax Credits, Exclusions, Deductions—ABLE Accounts
  - ¶ 2201 Tax Credits for Higher Education.
  - ¶ 2205 Coverdell Education Savings Accounts (CESAs).
  - ¶ 2209 Qualified Tuition Programs (QTPs)—529 Plans.
  - ¶ 2212 Employer-Provided Educational Benefits; Scholarships and Fellowships.
  - ¶ 2218 Higher Education Exclusion for Savings Bond Income—Form 8815.
  - ¶ 2220 Deduction for Interest Paid on Qualified Education Loans.
  - ¶ 2222 Education Expenses Related to Business.
- Chapter 8 Tax Credits
  - ¶ 2301 Business Incentive Credits—General Business Credit (GBC)—Form 3800.
  - ¶ 2337 Personal (Refundable and Nonrefundable) Credits.
  - ¶ 2362 Foreign Tax Credit.
- Chapter 9 Sales and Exchanges—Tax-Free Exchanges—Basis
  - ¶ 2400 Gain or Loss on Sales or Exchanges.
  - ¶ 2412 Tax-Free Exchanges of Stock.
  - ¶ 2417 Like-Kind (Code Sec. 1031) Real Property Exchanges—Forms 8824, 8849.
  - ¶ 2426 Rollover of Gain from Certain Sales.
  - ¶ 2430 Involuntary Conversions—Forms 4797 and 8949.
  - ¶ 2442 Exclusion of Gain on Principal Residence.
  - ¶ 2446 Sales and Exchanges Between Related Taxpayers.
  - ¶ 2452 Installment Sales and Other Deferred Payment Sales.
  - ¶ 2462 Basis of Property.
  - ¶ 2481 Property Acquired in Nontaxable Exchanges.
  - ¶ 2508 Property Acquired by Gift, from a Decedent, or from a Spouse.
- Chapter 10 Capital Gains and Losses—Section 1231—Depreciation Recapture
  - ¶ 2600 Capital Gains and Losses.
  - ¶ 2612 Assets to Which Capital Gain and Loss Rules Apply.
  - ¶ 2627 Constructive Sales of Appreciated Financial Positions.
  - ¶ 2629 Short Sales.
  - ¶ 2634 Section 1244 (“Small Business Corporation”) Stock.
  - ¶ 2638 Exclusion of Gain from Qualified Small Business Stock (QSBS).
  - ¶ 2640 Tax-Free Capital Gains for Investment in Renewal Communities and DC Zone Assets.
  - ¶ 2643 Tax Straddles and Section 1256 Contracts.
  - ¶ 2652 Conversion and Constructive Ownership Transactions.
  - ¶ 2655 Holding Period.
  - ¶ 2664 Sales and Exchanges.
  - ¶ 2669 Capital Gain—Ordinary Loss Rule—Form 4797.
  - ¶ 2675 Depreciation Recapture.
- Chapter 11 Tax Accounting—Inventories
  - ¶ 2800 Accounting Periods.
  - ¶ 2816 Accounting Methods.
  - ¶ 2819 The Cash Method of Accounting.
  - ¶ 2823 The Accrual Method of Accounting.
  - ¶ 2834 Changes of Accounting Methods.
  - ¶ 2844 Long-Term Contracts.
  - ¶ 2853 Reallocations of Income by IRS.
  - ¶ 2855 Deduction for Previously Reported Income Repayments.
  - ¶ 2857 Inventories.
- Chapter 12 Withholding Tax on Wages and Other Income Payments
  - ¶ 3000 Withholding on Wages.
  - ¶ 3032 Nonpayroll Withheld Taxes.
  - ¶ 3035 Pension, Annuity and Other Withholding.
  - ¶ 3044 When Backup Withholding Is Required.
- Chapter 13 Individual's Tax Computation—Kiddie Tax—Self-Employment Tax—Net Investment Income Tax—Estimated Tax
  - ¶ 3100 How Income Tax on Individuals Is Computed.
  - ¶ 3128 Tax on Unearned Income of Children—Kiddie Tax.
  - ¶ 3133 Self-Employment (SE) Tax—Schedule SE
  - ¶ 3142 3.8% Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT)—Form 8960.
  - ¶ 3145 Individual Estimated Tax.
- Chapter 14 Alternative Minimum Tax
  - ¶ 3200 Alternative Minimum Tax.
- Chapter 15 Corporations—Accumulated Earnings Tax—Personal Holding Companies—Consolidated Returns—Estimated Tax—S Corporations
  - ¶ 3300 Taxation of Corporations.
  - ¶ 3303 How C Corporations Are Taxed.
  - ¶ 3306 Deduction for Dividends from Domestic and Certain Foreign Corporations.
  - ¶ 3317 Accumulated Earnings Tax.
  - ¶ 3321 Personal Holding Company (PHC) Penalty Tax.
  - ¶ 3331 Dividend Distributions to Reduce Special Taxes on Corporations.
  - ¶ 3339 Consolidated Returns by Affiliated Groups.
  - ¶ 3344 Corporate Estimated Tax—“Required Annual Payment.”
  - ¶ 3350 S Corporations.
- Chapter 16 Corporate Transactions—Organization—Distributions—Reorganization—Acquisitions—Liquidations
  - ¶ 3500 Incorporations and Transfers to Controlled Corporations—Code Sec. 351.
  - ¶ 3511 Corporate Distributions; Earnings and Profits (E&P).
  - ¶ 3515 Stock Redemptions.
  - ¶ 3524 Section 306 Stock.
  - ¶ 3527 Corporate Reorganizations.
  - ¶ 3545 Spin-Offs, Split-Offs and Split-Ups.
  - ¶ 3549 Carryovers of Tax Items.
  - ¶ 3553 The Code Sec. 382 Limitation on Loss Carryovers After Ownership Change.
  - ¶ 3558 Corporate Liquidations.
  - ¶ 3564 Code Sec. 338 Election to Treat a Stock Purchase as an Asset Purchase.
- Chapter 17 Partnerships
  - ¶ 3700 Partnership defined—Form 8832.
  - ¶ 3708 Treatment of Contributions to a Partnership.
  - ¶ 3713 Partnership Income and Deductions.
  - ¶ 3720 Partnership Allocations.
  - ¶ 3723 Partner's Dealings with Partnership.
  - ¶ 3729 Limitations on a Partner's Deductible Loss.
  - ¶ 3732 Basis of Partnership Interest.
  - ¶ 3736 Distributions to a Partner.
  - ¶ 3748 Disproportionate Distributions.
  - ¶ 3753 Liabilities of Partnerships and Partners.
  - ¶ 3756 Transfer and Liquidation of Partnership Interest.
  - ¶ 3761 Payments After Partner's Death or Retirement.
  - ¶ 3767 Special Basis Adjustments to Partnership Property.
  - ¶ 3773 Termination of a Partnership.
- Chapter 18 Trusts—Estates—Decedents
  - ¶ 3900 Taxation of Trusts and Estates—Form 1041.
  - ¶ 3963 Decedent's Income and Deductions.
  - ¶ 3970 Bankruptcy Estate for Bankrupt Individual.
- Chapter 19 Exempt Organizations
  - ¶ 4100 Tax-Exempt Organizations.
  - ¶ 4127 Private Foundations and Donor Advised Funds.
- Chapter 20 RICs (Mutual Funds), REITs, REMICs, Banks and Other Special Corporations
  - ¶ 4200 Special Corporations and Other Entities.
- Chapter 21 Pension and Profit-Sharing Plans—401(k) Plans—Roth 401(k) Plans—IRAs—Roth IRAs—SEPs—SIMPLE Plans
  - ¶ 4300 Employee Benefit Plans.
  - ¶ 4340 Retirement Savings Plans for Individuals (IRAs).
  - ¶ 4356 Overview—Roth IRAs.
  - ¶ 4365 Simplified Employee Pensions (SEPs).
  - ¶ 4369 “SIMPLE” Retirement Plans.
  - ¶ 4375 Tax-Sheltered 403(b) Annuities.
- Chapter 22 Farmers
  - ¶ 4500 Farmers.
- Chapter 23 Foreign Income—Foreign Taxpayers—Foreign Currency Transactions
  - ¶ 4600 Foreign Income of U.S. persons.
  - ¶ 4625 Taxation of Nonresident Aliens and Foreign Corporations.
  - ¶ 4642 Returns Relating to Foreign Taxpayers.
  - ¶ 4648 Tax Withholding on Payments to Foreign Taxpayers.
  - ¶ 4661 Foreign Currency Rules.
- Chapter 24 Returns and Payment of Tax
  - ¶ 4700 Returns and Payment of Tax.
- Chapter 25 Deficiencies—Refunds—Penalties
  - ¶ 4800 Tax Audits, Deficiencies and Assessments.
  - ¶ 4839 Unified Audit and Review for Partnerships—Tax Years Beginning Before 2018.
  - ¶ 4846 Unified Audit and Review for Partnerships—Tax Years Beginning After 2017.
  - ¶ 4850 Recovering Overpayments by Refund or Credit; Tax Litigation.
  - ¶ 4867 Interest and Penalties.
  - ¶ 4905 Tax Collection.
- Chapter 26 Estate, Gift and Generation-Skipping Transfer Taxes
  - ¶ 5000 Estate Tax.
  - ¶ 5041 Gift Tax.
  - ¶ 5059 Generation-Skipping Transfer (GST) Tax.

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